Огляд сучасного стану проблеми плівкового охолодження лопаток газових турбін
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-774X.2025.01.03Анотація
Створення й розвиток газотурбінних двигунів іде шляхом підвищення ККД вузлів і параметрів циклу, зокрема підвищення температури газу на вході в турбіну. Високі температури газу вимагають впровадження в конструкцію охолоджуваних деталей і вузлів турбіни. В першу чергу це стосується соплових і робочих лопаток газових турбін, сучасні зразки яких працюють при надвисоких температурах газу, а саме до 2000 К і вище. Для забезпечення надійної роботи лопаток поряд з конвективним (внутрішнім) охолодженням застосовується плівкове (зовнішнє або загороджувальне) охолодження, яке полягає у випуску охолоджувача на поверхні лопатки, що захищаються, з метою відтискування від них гарячого газу. Робочі лопатки з плівковим охолодженням почали свій розвиток у 1970-х роках, але є актуальними і в наш час, маючи місце в новітніх системах охолодження як, наприклад, лопатки з подвійною стінкою, або лопатки, що можуть бути вироблені за допомогою технологій 3D друку. На ефективність плівкового охолодження впливає ряд факторів, таких як розташування отворів перфорації щодо газового потоку (кути нахилу вісі отвору до стінки і до напрямку основного потоку), форма й щільність отворів перфорації плівкового охолодження, число рядів і відстань між рядами отворів, відносна довжина отворів, кривизна й шорсткість поверхні, наявність теплозахисного покриття, а також параметр вдуву отвору плівкового охолодження. Підвищення ефективності систем плівкового охолодження не тільки підвищує ресурс лопатки, але і зменшує відбори охолоджуючого повітря із-за компресора ГТД, що покращує характеристики двигуна. В області плівкового охолодження проведено великий обсяг робіт. В даній оглядовій публікації були розглянуті переважно найновіші (2020 – 2025 роки) статті, що стосуються систем плівкового охолодження лопаток газових турбін. Метою даної роботи є аналіз сучасних тенденцій в області плівкового охолодження: перспективні типи систем плівкового охолодження лопаток, вплив геометричних і режимних параметрів на ефективність охолодження, проблеми що вирішуються при проектуванні і розрахунку плівкового охолодження.
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